Free Essays on The Patients Right

A patient comes into the medical clinic to see his outcomes from an AIDS test: his outcomes are certain. The patient apprehensively admits to the specialist that he?s been undermining his significant other. His better half and the specialist are companions, they?ve been companions all through school, however later floated separated. Nonetheless, they despite everything keep up a decent kinship, once in a while get together call each other for guidance, or essentially to share their issues since they?ve been companions for such a long time. The specialist never really met her friend?s spouse in person however in the wake of seeing his document she sees his last name and telephone number are equivalent to her dear friend?s. The specialist at that point advises the customer regarding her fellowship with his significant other. Would it be a good idea for her to tell the spouse since he could pass this serious infection to her? Or on the other hand would it be a good idea for all her this data secret in light of her obligation as a specialist? This circumstance makes a moral predicament in light of the fact that regardless of what choice the specialist takes it will contradict a conviction. In this situation the patient is the customer looking for the administration of a specialist. In this manner, the specialist must go in a direction dependent on shared understanding that won't disregard their relationship. As an expert, her essential obligation is to serve the customer, which in this situation is the patient with AIDS. So as to all the more likely serve the customer she will convince and persuade him to advise his significant other in exertion to keep up his independence and privacy. She will tell him that she should report this to government wellbeing specialists, and other wellbeing proficient working with him. These wellbeing experts should be cautioned, so they can avoid potential risk. ?Helps is presently a reportable transferable illness in each state?Physicians and emergency clinics must report each instance of A IDS-with the patients name to government general wellbeing specialists? (Pozar 384). The specialist isn't evacuating the patient?s self-rule, anyway by offering him guidance (convincing him) she isn't ... Free Essays on The Patient's Right Free Essays on The Patient's Right A patient comes into the emergency clinic to see his outcomes from an AIDS test: his outcomes are sure. The patient anxiously admits to the specialist that he?s been undermining his better half. His significant other and the specialist are companions, they?ve been companions all through school, however later floated separated. Be that as it may, they despite everything keep up a decent fellowship, periodically get together call each other for exhortation, or essentially to share their issues since they?ve been companions for such a long time. The specialist never really met her friend?s spouse in person however in the wake of seeing his record she sees his last name and telephone number are equivalent to her dear friend?s. The specialist at that point illuminates the customer regarding her companionship with his better half. Would it be advisable for her to tell the spouse since he could pass this hopeless sickness to her? Or on the other hand would it be a good idea for all her this data secret on account of her obligation as a specialist? This circumstance makes a moral problem in light of the fact that regardless of what choice the specialist takes it will restrict a conviction. In this situation the patient is the customer looking for the administration of a specialist. In this manner, the specialist must go in a direction dependent on common understanding that won't disregard their relationship. As an expert, her essential obligation is to serve the customer, which in this situation is the patient with AIDS. So as to all the more likely serve the customer she will convince and persuade him to advise his better half in exertion to keep up his independence and secrecy. She will tell him that she should report this to government wellbeing specialists, and other wellbeing proficient working with him. These wellbeing experts should be admonished, with the goal that they can play it safe. ?Helps is currently a reportable transferable ailment in each state?Physicians and medical clinics must report each instance of AIDS-w ith the patients name to government general wellbeing specialists? (Pozar 384). The specialist isn't evacuating the patient?s self-sufficiency, anyway by offering him guidance (convincing him) she isn't ...

Strategies for Avoiding Plagiarism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Procedures for Avoiding Plagiarism - Essay Example One can utilize the assets of others to reword, sum up, duplicate words, expressions or sentences in their work. Along these lines, essayists ought to completely recognize the wellspring of the asset utilized for clear reference through in-reference or book reference so as to stay away from unoriginality There are different techniques that essayists use to maintain a strategic distance from counterfeiting in their work. The main procedure generally utilized by scholarly authors to stay away from literary theft is legitimate documentation of assets utilized in their substance. Content documentation alludes to the affirmation of creators of scholastic work utilized in building up one's work. The author records the writers of assets, for example, books, articles, online journals, paper posts, expositions, magazines, tunes, and fine arts. Documentation is the most secure and fitting procedure to keep away from unoriginality totally. Besides, scholastic authors utilize another technique of legitimate arranging before starting to compose scholarly work. Arranging is a significant advance to make while composing scholarly papers and introductions since it guarantees that one uses assets viably and recognizes creators sufficiently. Appropriate arranging additionally upgrades legitimate selection of works, thoughts, articulations and expression to use in the substance of the work being delivered. Making arrangements for scholarly composing includes sufficient asset search, examination of recognized sources as per the subject talked about and choice of the most suitable assets to use in executing the scholastic creative cycle. Along these lines, legitimate arranging is a significant system utilized by the essayist to abstain from composing errors, for example, copyright infringement. The two systems of evading literary theft distinguished have diverse effect and significance in the scholarly creative cycle. In an examination of these techniques, the two systems empower scholars to maintain a strategic distance from copyright infringement in the work.â

Hardys novel The Mayor of Casterbridge Essays

Hardys epic The Mayor of Casterbridge Essays Hardys tale The Mayor of Casterbridge Paper Hardys epic The Mayor of Casterbridge Paper Paper Topic: Writing In Hardys epic, The Mayor of Casterbridge, the topic of Patriarchal Victorian ethical quality is investigated through the various characters. Considering Lucettas character, the degree to which it very well may be concurred that Hardy uncovers his disappointment with man centric Victorian profound quality will be talked about. Strong utilizations Lucettas feelings to uncover his disappointment with man centric Victorian profound quality. Lucetta is without a doubt a sincerely unpredictable character, who is desolate and as it were, frantic. In Henchards thinks back about Lucetta, it is found out that they were engaged with an exceptionally outrageous undertaking which was off base, ruin to her. This is basically significant as first, the peruser learns Henchards viewpoint, yet, she is then publically mortified, which further catches her powerless character. The peruser is urged to see Lucetta in an ethical light. Moreover, we see her identifying with Susan, as Lucetta visits her grave. Solid composes The personage was in grieving such as herself, was about her age and size, and may have been her apparition or twofold and the symbolism made through words, for example, grieving is significant, as we see that Lucetta distinguishes the unfortunate conditions of the life of a Victorian lady, in this way, Hardy is bringing into question Victorian Patriarchal profound quality. Strong further brings into question Victorian man centric ethical quality, by Lucettas insult in Jersey, and summoning to the peruser how she has changed through that experience. Through Elizabeths eyes, the peruser sees that Lucetta has an open persona of refinement which is bogus. : For instance, upon first observing Lucetta, Elizabeth permitted herself the delight of feeling entranced, the omniscient storyteller further remarking that The short and commonsense stroll of legit plainness which generally won there, the two styles of dress whereabouts similarly admitted that this figure was no Caster spans womans which features Lucettas bogus open persona of complexity, an outcome, of once more, Victorian male centric profound quality. Solid, in any case, depicts the unforgiving truth of Victorian man centric ethical quality through the way that she has controlled and covered reality. In one of the early letters she writes to Henchard, Lucetta composes I along these lines view the entire as an adversity of mine, and not an issue of yours. So that, Michael, I should request that you ignore those letters with which I bugged you for a long time in the warmth of my emotions. This unmistakably summons her notoriety is in remains, and her reaction to this shows she has taken in the qualities, and realizes that in the event that she breaks them, there will be social repercussions, along these lines, she just requests the letters to shield herself from further open mortification. Solid further stresses his disappointment with Victorian male centric profound quality through Lucettas unfortunate decimation by the skimmity ride. As per pundits, this thought is without a doubt fairly deceitful with Marxist hypotheses, as the Casterbridge working class become retaliated for in society custom, arranging the skimmity ride, which triggers an epileptic fit in Lucetta. Besides, women's activists would contend that her way of death by tumbling to the floor in epileptic seizures could be reductive in itself, depicting that ladies were seen as sincerely powerless. This likewise makes a differentiation to Elizabeth-Jane, as she is a more grounded, aloof, and a sincerely more grounded character when contrasted with Lucetta. Along these lines, Hardy is bringing into question Victorian profound quality through Lucettas languishing. Tough further urges the peruser to resound his negative view on Victorian male centric ethical quality by utilizing a viable utilization of setting. Lucettas place, High-Street Hall is wealthy in imagery, viable in passing on Hardys disappointment with Victorian man centric ethical quality. For instance, Hardy composes It was not inside and out privileged, still less weighty, yet the good old outsider intuitively said blood fabricated it and riches appreciates it. The last piece of Hardys remark, recommends the persecution of needy individuals, which is fairly tricky, once more, of Marxist hypotheses. Moreover, the house is plainly metaphorical of Lucetta herself. Its area so close to the focal point of town recommends that Lucetta is tossed into the core of the novel, by this point. Hardys perplexing portrayal of High-Street Hall further features the interest that Lucetta brings to the novel. Strong beginnings of his portrayal of the Hall by composing The Hall, with its dim veneer and parapet was the main living arrangement of its sort so close to the focal point of town, and the exterior isn't just catching Hardys own unmistakable enthusiasm for multifaceted design, however it additionally obviously representative of Lucetta, and her secretive and modern character. The interest of the ever-approaching shadow of her past is additionally appeared through words, for example, stranger, which highlights the puzzling idea of her past with Henchard. Thusly, through representing Lucettas enduring the house, Hardy is uncovering how she has in reality endured on account of man centric Victorian ethical quality However, women's activists contend that Hardy neglects to conquer the belief system of Victorian man centric profound quality. His depiction of Victorian ladies, similar to Elizabeth and Lucetta is tasteful arranged. For instance, he portrays Lucettas appearance as an aesthetic flawlessness concentrating profoundly on her looks. This shows how Victorian ladies (particularly white collar class) were required to look great. Women's activists would contend that Hardys stylishly situated account of ladies is corrupting in itself; in this manner, he stays tricky with the belief system of Victorian male centric ethical quality, offering the expression pleasing. By and large, this announcement can be consented all things considered. Lucettas character carries light to the way that Casterbridge is all things considered, a general public of turned ethical quality. The skimmity ride is a definitive disgraceful act which decimates Lucetta, demonstrating that the ever-approaching shadow of her past she isn't generally acknowledged in Casterbridge, and she suffers abuse. Accordingly, Hardy is uncovering his disappointment with Victorian Patriarchal ethical quality. The announcement is further pleasant, on the grounds that through the stylishly arranged depiction Hardy does at last neglect to beat the belief system of Victorian male centric profound quality.

How to Write the Perfect College Book Report Outline

How to Write the Perfect College Book Report Outline Need to write an amazing book report? All fired up to get started? Wonderful! All you need now is to learn how to create one which your instructor will happily add an ‘A’ to next to your name. Luckily, you have wandered into the right corner of the web. This brief little guide right here has you covered for the tasks assigned. We understand the temptation to simply skim one of the numerous summaries online. If your online search skills are quite good, you might even come across completely written out reports of your chosen book. However, there is no substitute for actually reading the author’s words. It will bring a depth to your perception and analysis, which will show up when your write your book report. Outline Structure Following an outline simplifies your writing process. The end result will be a piece of writing which has consistency, logical structure and expresses your ideas clearly. To spare you from searching online and giving into the temptation of searching through book reports, use the following five as the basic sections of your report. For practice’s sake, let’s create a book report on Stephen King’s 1983 horror novel, â€Å"Christine†: Introductory Paragraph Summary of the Book Characters’ Details Plot Details Evaluation and Conclusion Introductory Paragraph. This is where you write the title of the book, the author’s name, and the main idea of the story. Make sure to include the genre, publication date, number of pages, and publisher information. If the book has won any major awards or broken sales records, mention those as well. For Christine you will go like: Christine, published by Viking, is Stephen King’s horror novel that came out on April 29, 1983. This classic novel was also adapted into a movie in the same year. This example clearly tells the readers what the novel is all about, when it came out, who published it and also that it was turned into a movie. Summary of the Book.  Include a broad overview of the story here. Specify the time period, setting, overall plot, and main characters. Describe the atmosphere or tone of the story and the point of view of the narrative. For Christine, we’ll go like: ‘The novel tells the story of Christine that is a red and white 1958 Plymouth Fury. The novel focuses on this apparently possessed automobile’s story and what all it has been through and how it changes the life of its new owner, Arnie.’ While our example is short, you will have more details in your summary. Characters’ Details.  List the main characters and identify any major conflicts that exist between them. Highlight if there is a particular problem that the characters are trying to solve. Use a second paragraph to describe any of the minor characters if they play a significant or critical role in the plot. In Christine’s example, we can mention ‘It tells the story of Arnie, who buys Christine, the possessed automobile for $250. He is a nerdy teen who tries DIY ideas on his new buy and in the process he changes. Another main character is Dennis, who is Arnie’s friend and does not like Christine. He is also puzzled by the changes he sees in his friend and in the vehicle. In our example, we only gave an overview. However, you are expected to mention more details including character’s background, age, likes, dislike and everything else that impacts the story, including their relationships. Plot Details.  This section includes an overall description of the plot. No need to add too many details; tell the overall story and the major plot twists. Any element that propels the story further should be included here. Think of it as highlights of a game or match; no play by play, just important events. Be sure to include how the plot picks pace, what conflicts arise, how they are eventually resolved, and how the book ends. In this section, you should also mention any literary themes and plot devices you observed in the book. Flex your literary criticism muscle and include a theoretical overview. In Christine’s example, you will highlight all the elements the novel touches. A good example will be the jealousy and attention factor where Arnie starts to be more attentive to Christine and in the process begins to lose his love and his family. Evaluation and Conclusion.  This is the section where your own observations and opinions belong. Offer your own unique critique of the book. What did you think the strong points and weak points were? Describe how easy it was to sustain interest in the book. Write about what you learned while reading the book, and especially focus on how it affected you on an emotional level. Also include quotes or events from the book to lend credence to your opinions. Finally, include a short paragraph in which you write your honest opinion on the book and say whether you would recommend that other people read it and why. In Christine’s example, you can include some quotes that cover the story or simply give your opinion, such as: â€Å"Christine† is a fantastic book with enough chills. Bonus Step—Revise and Edit Your Work.  Revise your report thoroughly; get the quotes right and clarify any ambiguous statements. Ask a friend for feedback if you want to be thorough. Edit and proofread your work to improve its quality and style. Finally, format it according to your instructor’s directions. . Most teachers will have a fixed template which specifies header/footer rules, title page format, student information, etc. Finalize the work and send it in. So, we’ve created a perfect college book report outline on the example of Stephen King’s â€Å"Christine†. Moreover, we have given you valuable tips along the way on writing a book report itself. Don’t miss the chance to use that advice and produce an excellent outline together with a profound book report. At AdvancedWriters writing service you can order a custom college book report online. You will get a high-quality customized book report paper written by professional writers with timely delivery! 4.00 avg. rating (4 votes)

Beauty The Media Profits by Making Girls Hate Themselves...

Beauty is a cruel mistress. Every day, Americans are bombarded by images of flawless women with perfect hair and smooth skin, tiny waists and generous busts. They are presented to us draped in designer clothing, looking sultry or perky or anywhere in between. And although the picture itself is alluring, the reality behind the visage is much more sinister. They are representations of beauty ideals, sirens that silently screech â€Å"this is what a woman is supposed to look like!† Through means of media distribution and physical alteration, technology has created unrealistic beauty ideals, resulting in distorted female body images. Female beauty ideals are an overwhelming force in teen media. Approximately 37% of articles†¦show more content†¦Advertisements are a powerful medium through which beauty ideals are impressed on us. Although often dismissed as filler material, advertisements are planned and purposeful tools that allow content. In 1999, $180 billion wer e spent on advertising, money that greased the wheel, drawing consumers to products while paying content providers. At that time, the average American intake of advertisements was estimated at 3,000 ads per day. Prominent image advertising expert Jean Kilbourne has pointed out that, more than telling us what we should buy, â€Å"To a great extent advertising tells us who we are and who we should be.† Who are we? Not perfect. Who should we be? That supermodel, there. The kicker is that many of the images women aspire to are not achievable through any natural means. A portion of the $180 billion paid graphic artists to digitally edit out imperfections and reshape even the most desirable women to make them more appealing to the eye. The strain to transform is especially prominent in female advertising ideals. According to the National Association of Social Workers (NASW), â€Å"fashion models weigh 23 percent less than the average female, although these representat ions are perceived to be normal.† This is less of a passive suggestion for women to be thin when one gives credence to women’s magazines having â€Å"10.5 times more advertisements and articles promoting weight loss than mens magazines.†Show MoreRelatedEssay On Social Media1035 Words   |  5 PagesSocial media. It s a disease we all love, no treatment has ever been established for its cure. It s killing us. Sadly, it s gained astounding worldwide growth and popularity from many nations globally. It s capturing today s youth rapidly between its claws, making our lives depend on it. Anthony Carmona states â€Å"It is a veritable battleground, where insults fly from the human quiver, damaging lives, destroying self-esteem and a person’s sense of self-worth.† Yes as bad as it sounds we’re allRead MoreMedia Influences Young Teenagers On Their Body1013 Words   |  5 PagesMedia influences young teenagers on their body What do you see as beauty? Is it having perfect body, or face? Many teenagers do not understand that the perfect body image that they see on media is not realistic. Numerous teenagers are not comfortable in whom they are because of lack of confidence. They look up to the celebrities that appear the prettiest or the ones who have a picture-perfect body. Why is it so important to change who you are because of others say? Media manipulates our minds byRead MoreNcfe Level 2 Certificate in Equality and Diversity Unit 1: Exploring Equality and Diversity5977 Words   |  24 Pages 2. New ideas With the fusion of several cultures in United Kingdom, the citizens now have better ideas and they also benefit from them. Mostly you can come across them in business world. 3. Enhances national unity Cultural conflicts and hate usually cause a divide within a nation. However, cooperation, inclusion and respect assist in uniting a country. Multiculturalism therefore strengthens a country, especially if there are programs that work towards promoting cultural understanding andRead MoreEssay Writing9260 Words   |  38 Pagesperoratio has two parts: Enumeratio: The listing and recapping of the main arguments Affectus: The dramatic, usually emotional closing Appeals Logos—appeal to logic Pathos—appeal to emotion Ethos—appeal to authority Schemes Parallelism: Making pairs or series of related words, phrases or clauses similar structure. e.g. . . . for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Protection, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes, Read MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pages GP NOTES 2010 (ESSAY) Content Page 1. Media a. New vs. Traditional b. New: narcissistic? c. Government Censorship d. Profit-driven Media e. Advertising f. Private life of public figures g. Celebrity as a role model h. Blame media for our problems i. Power + Responsibility of Media j. Media ethics k. New Media and Democracy 2. Science/Tech a. Science and Ethics b. Government and scientist role in science c. Rely too much on technology? d. Nuclear technologyRead MoreLgbt19540 Words   |  79 Pagessomeones gender is lived publicly and can be a complex process. People who wish to transition often start by expressing their gender identity in situations where they feel safe. They typically work up to living full-time in a different gender, by making gradual changes to their gender expression. Connecting with other transgender people through peer support groups and transgender community organisations is also very helpful for people when they are going through the transition process. TransitioningRead MoreBusiness Journalism in India26104 Words   |  105 Pagescareer-guidance magazines 9 Western craze among glossy women’s magazines, Better fare offered by regional (5) women’s magazines 10 Writing and editing for magazines, special skills needed. Importance of the rewrite desk (4) 11 Role of Alternative media to deal with people’s issues. Scope for magazines devoted to environment and civic issues (4) Business Journalism- It’s all about Money! * Pink papers * The ‘pink papers’ refer toRead MoreSocial Networking Sites-Boon/Bane15517 Words   |  63 Pagesinto either site, or indeed others, and up pops a cascading list of virtual caste colonies, some of which aim to unite members and some which spew venom. Orkut has thousands of these communities — for instance, Brahmins Culture and Tradition , I Hate Intercaste Marriage and The Great Maratha — which have hundreds of members. Interestingly, participants of these groups are increasing rather than dying down. A study by Sunil Gangavane and Urvi Shah, researchers at PUKAR (Partners for Urban KnowledgeRead MoreCrocs Marketing Plan14993 Words   |  60 Pages.......................................................................................... 39 9.4 Promotion.................................................................................................................................... 40 10. Profit Loss Statement / Budget (3 year) ...................................................................................... 42 11. Recommendations to the decision maker ...............................................................................Read MoreMarketing Principle Quiz20161 Words   |  81 PagesChocolate | | | | | Selected Answer: |   c.   profits through customer satisfaction. | Correct Answer: |   c.   profits through customer satisfaction. | Feedback: | Jacques Torres Chocolate has a market orientation. | | | | |   Ã‚  Question 5 | 1 out of 1 points    | | What is the fundamental objective of most businesses? | | | | | Selected Answer: |   a.   survival, profits, and growth | Correct Answer: |   a.   survival, profits, and growth | Feedback: | The use of marketing

Violent Video Games The Behavior Of Those Who Play Them

Title : Violent Video Games: The Behavior Of Those Who Play Them I. Introduction A. hook / opening †¢With the recent violence across the world in schools, once again a concern has been stumbled upon in regards to whether or not video games can impact an individual’s demeanor, specifically in children and teenagers. However, when the concern is about children and violent video games, one thing is a sure fact: If parents keep getting these types of games the children will keep playing them, and companies will keep profiting from them and will keep producing more. In today’s society more than sixty-eight percent of our youth is addicted to video games. Most of these games are bought by parents or relatives not knowing that these could be detrimental for the child’s psychological development. Many games are based solely on violence; most games are about killing each other and promoting more violence by using expletive language. B. context / background / tie-in to thesis †¢ Such Games as Black ops, Modern Warfare, and Grand Theft Auto, are some of the most violent games that could cause young kids to become more violent as they keep playing the games. The uttermost number of these games have from gory bloody scenes to picking up prostitutes in the street . In reality most parents are at fault, because they are not really engaged on what the child is watching or playing. †¢As well as there is negative effects of playing violent video games there is also positive effects,Show MoreRelatedViolent Video Games And Its Influence On Behavior1187 Words   |  5 Pages The Timing of Violent Video Games and Its Influence on Aggressive Behaviors What images pop up in your head when you hear the word aggression? Have you ever thought whether violence portrayed in different forms of media make people more aggressive? The immediate reaction to such a word is fighting or violence. Many issues are determinants of aggression but media violence has played a huge role in influencing aggressive behavior. Over the past years, aggression has been tied to numerousRead More The Debate Over Video Game Violence Essay1734 Words   |  7 PagesUnsurprisingly, the effect of video games on the human brain has been a controversy since video games were first released decades ago. Video games involve the use of body and mind, which causes the player to be inside of the game, and they can see the world through the eyes of the character of which they play. Some psychologists and other scientists suggest that violent video games can cause psychological disorders which can cause players to engage in violent behavior in real life. On th e other handRead MoreVideo Games And Its Effect On Behavior1378 Words   |  6 PagesVideo games (electronic games that can be played on one’s computer, television or any display screen) are popular today adolescents. 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TheRead MoreVideo Games And Violent Behavior1460 Words   |  6 Pages Video Games and Violent Behavior Jessi Moffett CRJ 385 September 15, 2015â€Æ' Intro Technology is an important aspect of change in our world. As time goes on, we are introduced to more and more technology every year, which includes media such as video games. The increase of technology has also increased and improved the world including ways of communicating and distribution of information. More often used outlets of media are those used for entertainment purposes, like television, internet andRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Video Games On Human Behavior1602 Words   |  7 PagesVideo Games are a form of media that continues to grow throughout society. As it grows and becomes fully adopted by adults and children alike, it seems as though a shroud of controversy follows suit. Many parents and those alike seem very afraid or reluctant to let their children play video games in today’s age. They fear for the long term affects such games might have on their children or even the short term effects. Many people see a correlation between aggressive behavior, violent moods, and bullyingRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Video Games1523 Words   |  7 Pagesgaming industry. Despite being accused of impairing academic achievement, leading to obesity, and contributing to violent behavior, the gaming industry continues to market to children and to create an increasing number of violent games. It appears that this billion dollar industry has a blatant disregard for the public’s wellbeing. Because of these claims of detrimental effects, anti-game laws have made their way to the Supreme Court. These proposals have been rejected repeatedly. This is not doneRead MoreBanning Violent Video Games On Children1545 Words   |  7 Pages Banning Violent Video Games A child is killing police officers. A teenager is hiring prostitutes to potentially kill them. He is using weapons such as guns, chainsaws, and knives to kill and commit horrible crimes. Thousands of children and teens participate in these actions daily. How? Violent Video games such as Doom, Call of Duty, and Grand Theft Auto are just a few of the games that are full of these awful actions. The Harvard Mental Health Letter states, â€Å"The Pew Research Center reportedRead MoreAdolescent Aggression Based on Violent Videogames1645 Words   |  7 PagesAggression Based on Violent Videogames Violent video games played by millions of people every day results in animated characters having hearts ripped out, heads decapitated, and blood squirting across the screen as their mutilated bodies are erased from the screen. Most players play these games to pass the time, increase hand eye coordination, and create harmless competitions amongst those playing. However, some who play these games are entranced by the violent aggressive behaviors demonstratedRead MoreThe True Cause Of Violent Behaviors1613 Words   |  7 PagesThe True Cause of Violent Behaviors in Today s Society There are volumes of media that are starting to harm the world in which we live. They have been linked to fourteen mass murders (Fletcher). Nine out of the top ten selling games have been labeled as violent and 42% of adolescents play them (â€Å"Children and Video Games†). These violent video games are a major problem in the United States and across the globe. Violent video games have a direct correlation with negative behaviors because they increase

The Placebo Effect free essay sample

A placebo is basically a control substance when testing for something else. For instance a company is testing their protein shakes and they have a person do a lifting workout and then drink a protein shake. To see that it works they will sometimes mix in the placebo. The placebo is actually just a control that has none of the protein in it, yet the person does not know that. This is how the placebo effect came about. In many of these experiments it was found that the placebo did not throw off the actual substance because the person still thought they were getting the beneficial substance. When they knew that they were getting a control substance their performance did incline with the protein and did not when they were receiving the placebo. There has been many experiments now, trying to understand why this happens. Caffeine has been tested by weightlifting, testosterone with aggressiveness, performance-enhancing shots, and even sports clothing with performance. So is it a certain product we are using that helps us perform better or possibly just the products of our own mind? There has been much research to find out. Caffeine is a popular substance that is supposed to enhance sport performance. There have been many tests that show that it does work by using a placebo, yet the problem is that there are also many tests that show something else. A control group is used with the assumption that the placebo is inactive. There was never supposed to be anything such as the placebo effect. Also the subjects in the experiments were not supposed to act differently when they thought they were or were not taking it. To figure things out scientists in the United Kingdom designed an experiment with the placebo effect on weight lifting. Fifteen males with lifting experience were recruited. Scientists told the men that they were in a study on the effects of caffeine on weightlifting performance. They also told them that they would be consuming two solutions, one containing caffeine and the other a placebo in random order, yet they were actually getting two placebos. The subjects came to the lab three different days all between 9a. m and 12p. m (â€Å"Placebo Power†). For the first visit the subjects tested their maximum strength one rep max on single leg extensions. The second day the subjects all warmed up for five minutes cycling and then tested. They did one set of single leg extensions until failure at sixty percent of their one rep max. All repetitions were counted and the trials were separated by one to three days. All of the data and feedback was noted. The total amount of weight was counted (repetitions multiplied by weight), and the perceived exertion rate (RPE, the measure of work the subjects thought they were putting in) was determined (â€Å"Placebo Power†). To the subjects all three trials were different. In one trial, the control trial, the subjects consumed nothing. In the other two trials the subjects did consume a pill an hour before the trial but they did not know what it was. They were told that they were receiving a caffeine pill on one of the days and a placebo on the other, yet they got a placebo for both trials. Even more, the researchers that interacted with the subjects did not even know the true nature of the research and that there was no caffeine ever used until the end of the study. After all of the trials the subjects were given a questionnaire asking which trial they thought they received the placebo and which day they received the caffeine. After the result analysis researchers found that the subjects completed an average of 4. 1 more reps when they thought they had taken caffeine before the trial as opposed to when they thought that they took the placebo (â€Å"Placebo Power†). As for the total weight lifted, 306 lbs. more was lifted on average when the subjects thought they had consumed caffeine (â€Å"Placebo Power†). As regards to RPE, the subjects were higher when they thought that they had gotten the placebo for the trial instead of the caffeine or the control trial. What that indicated was that the subjects thought that they had to work much harder to lift the weight when they thought they had just taken a placebo. Of the fifteen subjects thirteen of them said that they had expected the caffeine to enhance their weightlifting performance. From this study it is clear that expectation is everything. When someone expects for caffeine to enhance their workout then it will whether it’s a placebo or not. When the subjects thought they were getting caffeine they lifted more weight and did more repetitions on average. Also when they thought they were receiving the placebo they expected to have to work harder in order to reach their previous goals. In another study about testosterone and aggressiveness a placebo effect was found. There were three groups of male athletes from a university. There was a control group, a testosterone group, and a placebo group where they were told they were getting testosterone but really got nothing. The subjects were all interviewed about how they were feeling and also tested physically. There was definitely a placebo effect found but also a big surprise of the effects of actual testosterone. With the self-estimated data of the feeling of anger and irritation both graphs looked the same. The control group said that they did not notice any changes. The placebo group noticed many changes. On average the levels of anger and irritation went way up (Bjorkqvist,2010). One man said that he and friends noticed him being on edge and very irritable (Bjorkqvist,2010). Physically he said that he felt better than ever. Not only did he think that his body was able to work harder and lift more weight effortlessly, he also said that he became more self-confident in competition. The most interesting thing in this experiment was the effects of the testosterone, or should I say lack of effect. The group that actually received the testosterone said in their self evaluations about anger and irritability that they noticed no change. Before the treatment, before the exercise, and after the exercise they said that they stayed the same behaviorally. The difference that was found was in what they thought about how they were able to work physically. They all on average thought that the testosterone had enhanced their physical performance (Bjorkqvist,2010). In reality the data that was collected in all of the tests showed that physically all of the groups showed no differences. There were no enhancements or weaknesses. Although there was a definite placebo effect found, it differs completely. In the first experiment, the placebo effect was shown in self evaluation and also with data from weightlifting. In the second experiment, the only changes were with the placebo group in the self evaluation. There could be many expectation factors that make this experiment have a questionable outcome. Some may want the testosterone to have positive effects by saying that they experienced enhanced physical performance and no negative personality traits that have been accused before. There is a question mark at the end of this experiment on everything but the placebo effect. The placebo effect can be seen with anything. It is not necessarily always an oral intake of a substance, it could even be clothing. For swimmers, their suits may mean the difference in winning and losing. A swimmer may take a while to get suited up but it is for a good reason. The said new and improved speed suit covers the body from shoulders to ankles and is tighter than skin tight. The reason these suits are so important is because it reduced jiggle. The more jiggle a swimmer has, the more time it takes for their body to move through the water (Barone,2008). These suits are said to condense the breasts and buttocks for less drag. In an experiment with the placebo effect in sports wear a professional swimmer was tested. This swimmer was known to always buy the latest â€Å"performance enhancing† suits and did believe in them. The suit brands are very careful with their claims now. These suits were supposed to reduce drag and nothing else. The speed enhancement was just assumed. Science shows that a suit may be able to shave of a fraction of a second traditionally so for this experiment that was the hypothesis of the scientist (Barone,2008). The actual conclusion was quite different though. The swimmer ate what he normally would before a meet and did the same warm up. The timer started and the swimmer was off. Seems that the swimmer was quite a positive thinker because it turned out that he shaved over an unheard of fifteen seconds off his time (Barone,2008). The placebo effect is shown because statistically swimwear would not be able to make that huge of a marginal change. The placebo has been proven to work in pain killing more than anything (â€Å"How To Cheat Without Cheating†). A scientist once saw research of people that had been injected with morphine for two days saw pain relief for those two days and also after that when they were injected with nothing but a placebo. This led him to test it in sports performance. He and colleagues simulated a tournament of four teams of athletic men in pain endurance competitions. In one their forearm was strapped with a tourniquet as they squeezed a hand spring repeatedly until pain forced them to stop. All of the scores were taken and averaged over the whole team. One of the teams was injected with morphine two weeks before the competition and also one week before and then on the big day they got saline solution thinking they were still receiving morphine. This is the legal way to use them. Another team was injected with saline that was combined with an opiate-blocking drug. The other two teams received no treatment at all but one with a placebo on competition day. The team that received morphine and then the placebo on competition day endured a lot more pain than the other three groups. The group injected with the mixed saline did no better than to two control groups (â€Å"How To Cheat Without Cheating†). What this show is that the placebos actually do reduce pain because the person believes that it does. The brain is encouraged to produce more natural opiates than customary (â€Å"How To Cheat Without Cheating†). The placebo effect has been proven in many different ways. Even if the conclusions about the other groups they were tested are not accurate the placebo effect was accurate. The placebo effect is actually just a mind effect. I think an athlete wants to see enhancement of performance whether they are actually getting a substance or not as long as it is legal. Whether it is the brain or biology the placebo effect is real.

When are electoral boycotts successful in inducing regime change

Introduction Conventionally, election is an official process where residents from a given area, country, or region decide on an individual to represent them or hold a public office.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on When are electoral boycotts successful in inducing regime change? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Precisely, to elect means ‘to choose or make a decision’. It is the standard mechanism through which contemporary democracy has been exercised since 17th century. This paper discerns situations where electoral boycotts can successfully induce regime change. It focuses on specific time period (1990-2002) with particular countries serving as critical examples. Usually, elections have been used to choose representatives in the legislative assembly, executive committee, judiciary, and the local government. Elections are perceived as democratic way of selecting preferred leaders. Evidently , leaders and electoral systems have undergone various reforms to improve fairness. However, elections in various countries and democracies have experienced difficulties. Interference in the electoral process by the incumbent governments has been a major reason for elections not meeting the international standards fostering free and fair elections (Lindberg 77). Dictatorial leaders have the tendency of engaging state machinery such as the police and judiciary to retain power when their terms are supposed to end.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The majority rule has been used frequently to prevent shift in the poise of power from one group to another in the legislative assembly. Additionally, non-governmental groups like human right groups possess a considerable influence in elections. This occurs either through violence, intimidations, or corruption. These actions can easily result in inappropriate casting or counting of votes. Concurrently, difficulties in the election process can stem from the electorate being poorly informed about the candidates or about issues that affect them. This is likely to occur where there is inadequate press freedom due to tight state control. The rules can also at times be unfair to opposition candidates as they may be excluded from eligibility for an office. These conditions have promoted the mentioned electoral boycotts by the opposition groups. The individuals in power may also interfere in the election process by assassinating opposition candidates, making campaigns illegal. They can also intimidate the electorate with violence. Precisely, these difficulties, together with political, social, legislative, and economic factors have (in many cases) led to election boycotts. Electoral Boycotts An election boycott occurs when a section of the voters refuse to vote during an electoral process. Electoral boycott is normally u sed as a way to show disapproval where the electorate feels that the system is biased or there is no legitimacy in the election process (Huntington 53). Political parties and individuals are more likely to boycott elections so as to protest government’s electoral policies hoping that the elections will be declared illegitimate when the voters do not participate in voting. However, this method of electoral protest can be unsuccessful.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on When are electoral boycotts successful in inducing regime change? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper seeks to understand the cases when electoral boycotts are successful in inducing regime change. As indicated earlier, it mainly focuses on the role that opposition parties play in elections in a country under authoritarian rule. It also looks into the possibilities of legitimization and institutionalization of democratic electi ons. Additionally, it looks into the factors that enable some boycotts to succeed while others fail in attaining their desired objectives thus fail to induce regime change. While providing examples of countries, it further includes the types of boycotts and the consequences of boycotting elections. The use of violence during a major electoral boycott is one of the ways through which regime change can be successfully induced. This is usually done in cases where the opposition has the resources to stage rebellion against the incumbent and wish to make it impossible for the incumbent to continue staying in power. For example, this type of boycott took place in Ivory Coast in 1995 and in Indonesia in 1997 general elections. Background Information Generally, electoral boycotts have been seen and experienced in both democratic and non-democratic countries. However, historical evidence shows that electoral boycotts are more prevalent in authoritarian regimes mainly because of the intrinsic proposition of the voter or political party dissatisfaction with the electoral process.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The protest through boycotts can take the form of individual voters protesting or political parties or party coalition protesting with the aim of influencing some regime change (Levitsky Way 138). Electoral boycotting is more often than not a response to a broad belief that some kind of illegitimate or deceitful action might happen or will happen during the electoral process. This might follow perceptions of irregularity within the political or public system. The irregularity may be ethnic, social, economic, or even religious biasness against some contenders for a political post or parties or due to a belief that the electoral body lacks legitimacy. Electoral boycotting is usually considered to be undemocratic as it involves bypass of a democratic process. However, it is usually acceptable in situations where the election is not expected to be fair. The fact that electoral boycotting is justified in certain situation does not mean that they usually succeed to achieve their goals. T he strategies used to boycott elections have at times proved to be disastrous to the individuals who or parties that boycott the elections and more often than not leads to further movement away from democracy. The strategies used by parties to boycott elections are important in determining their possibility of succeeding in transformation of the current electoral process that is unfair or biased so that it becomes more competitive (Schedler 193). The results of electoral boycotts are also influenced by the intentions of the opposition parties, their boycott strategies, and the existing political and electoral structures. The feeling of the opposition group that they lack the ability to attain their desired political goal through legitimate means may push them to boycott the election. There is also the possibility that the opposition candidates may not want to bring a political change that is democratic but actually they may boycott so as to change the electoral rules to enable them make good upcoming opportunities for themselves. Therefore, the possibilities and results of electoral boycotts depends highly on the intentions that the opposition parties, the strategies adopted to boycott and the already existing political and electoral structures within the electoral autocracy that sections of the public must defeat so as to induce regime change. Common Causes of Electoral Boycotts Generally, electoral boycotts usually occur due to the opposition’s dissatisfaction with the ruling regime, dissatisfaction with the electoral system, and (to some extent) opposition’s intention to discredit the legitimacy of the current regime. Boycotting elections might thus induce changes in the regime by unbalancing the electoral system. Elections usually enforce democracy by giving the citizens opportunity choose their leaders. Thus, it gives the citizens an opportunity to rebel if the leader fails to rule appropriately and looses the trust that had been placed upon him or her. The idea of coordination of election also provides a framework to understand why the opposition may undertake electoral boycott. The information that the public normally receive about the performance of individual in power might be limited. Normally, this leads to the problem of enforcing accountability of the ruler. This usually leads to weak threats of rebellion and thus reduces the possibility of the leader acting in the interest of the public. Elections, however, solves this problem by bringing ways through which the public can change the ruler. The first method is when the ruler calls for an election. The votes that the ruler receives show his or her performance. The other way is to overthrow the ruler if he or she fails to call for an election and be replaced by another person. On the other hand, the people may decide to accept that there will not be an election and accept to be under a dictator. If the ruler calls for an election and fails to win, he or she is ex pected to hand over power. However, if the ruler fails to win and refuses to hand over, the people have an opportunity to forcefully remove the leader (Ellis, Stephen Kessel 98). The ruler can commit electoral fraud and go undetected and this distorts the results. If this goes undetected and the ruler is declared the winner, then it will be difficult to remove him or her from power except through boycott. The electorate usually benefit whenever the elections are not biased and are free. If the elections are biased, the voters can benefit if the opposition decide to rebel and seek restoration of accountability. The need of the opposition to restore accountability in the political and electoral system may take the form of boycotts. Boycotts are also due to elevated levels of unfairness in the electoral process. An example is in Azerbaijan in the 1998 and 2000 elections where legislations that ensured the incumbent being advantaged during the electoral process were made. The governmen t in Azerbaijan tried to get control of the body that managed the electoral process. Strategies Used By Authoritarian Regimes to Maintain Power Authoritarian regimes at times depend on the electoral structures to survive and continue their rule. This usually depends on the social, political, economic, and ethnic factors of the country. These features of a country create a variety of opportunities for subversion rules that ensures democracy. Institutional arrangements are usually used to get support from the economic elites in efforts to persuade the masses to participate and give support to the authoritarian regime (Bunce Sharon 137). A single party system where there are many candidates who compete for an office is usually effective in achieving this objective. It usually pleases the masses by creation of a pretense of democracy through the offer of possibility of regime change through elections. The ruling elite often offer concessions to the business people or the economic elite s so that they participate in the political platform created by the authoritarian regime. Such concessions entice cooperation of the economic elites and allow flexibility in the political and electoral structure. The authoritarian regimes usually have to put certain checks so as to maintain power for example making defection from the party a criminal offense and punishable through restraints by the constitution (Ezrow Frantz 174). This shows that the authoritarian regimes are also usually involved in the manipulation of the constitution to suit their desired goals. The other strategy that an authoritarian regime can put in place to ensure survival is putting in place mechanisms that ensure that the economic elites do not acquire too much wealth. These methods enable the creation of a consolidated and strong regime with a weak and easily manipulated opposition, a good public support, and participation by the masses in the electoral process. This can help the authoritarian regime sur vive. The leaders in an authoritarian regime also use the electoral process to solve problems that allow them stay in power. Electoral boycotts and processes allow opposition parties usually to defeat a repressive regime through noble and peaceful means. Election functions as good way through which an authoritarian regime can exercise its power and avoid political and administrative competition. It provides a reason to align the elites with the regime and provides an opportunity to allow candidates run for elective posts as they are provided with winning opportunities (Ezrow Frantz 174). The regime organizes the electoral designs in ways that enables them achieve their desired goals, the main one being survival of the regime. A good example of how a regime ensured survival through the electoral process is in China. The Chinese government used a decentralization technique in order to stimulate economic growth. This technique began by separating the local and national election. Corru ption was monitored and the participation of the youth was stimulated by delegation of power to the local officials. However, the people at village level could not elect national leaders. This was because the regime feared that elections in the large cities could not be easily monitored and controlled as it wished. The elections were therefore a way for the government to enact its policies and also survive. The election enabled the government to monitor corruption, ensure youth participation and also maintain much control and authority (Lucas 56). The election at village level was organized in a way that competition was possible, involvement was also possible, and regime ideology was promoted. Anybody could vote or vie for a position and the candidates could be of other parties other than the Communist Party. This electoral structure allowed for independent candidates to vie and the villagers had a feeling that they had more choice. However, once the independent candidates reached h igher positions, they were recruited to the Communist Party so as to consolidate ideologies. In the end, election was merely a faà §ade of democracy, appealing the masses and politicians. Some people boycotted the elections due to varying reasons. Similarly, it enabled the regime to maintain power. This indicates how electoral boycott can actually induce regime change. This Chinese method can be contrasted with the nationalist systems of elections in which elites invest in the regime to ensure its survival. This method usually gives election winners a sense of accomplishment. Candidates usually invest in the regime by using their own resources to achieve popularity. This benefits the regime as it does not use its resources to back candidates. The candidates on the other hand can use and benefit from the states machinery and the legislative seat they win benefits them later. The high costs used in the campaigns are outweighed by the gains of being in the legislative assembly. This m ethod also ensures authoritarian regimes survival by provision of incentives for the economic elite. Another method that authoritarian regimes ensure survival is through repression. Opposition parties at times form coalitions so as to defeat the incumbent regime. Concurrently, they can organize to boycott elections in order to attain some regime change if the incumbent government cannot handover power despite losing elections. The opposition parties, however, usually experience difficulties in their quest to form coalitions due to ideology. However, at times it is the ruling party that makes it difficult for the opposition to form coalition. The electoral system under a repressive regime can restrict opposition’s ability to form coalition through institutions (Bunce Sharon 137). This technique is effective in enabling regime survival through repression and electoral fraud but it is likely to lead to regime’s resentment and may lead to protests and revolutions. Finally , the use of international monitors as overseers of elections is another strategy used to ensure survival of authoritarian regime. Conversely, it can enhance electoral boycott in case it realizes some mischief in the election processes assumed in the concerned country. International monitoring of the election can legitimize an authoritarian regime even though it serves as a way of promoting democracy. Presence of international monitors is seen as increased confidence in the processes of election and reduction in electoral fraud. This assists the repressive regime receive endorsement domestically and internationally. This ensures the continuity in the authoritarian rule and also support. However, such strategies usually lead to boycotts at times and the boycotters can be either individuals or political parties not participating in the election process. Election Boycotts and Opposition’s Participation in Election There are instances when the opposition parties decide to partici pate in the electoral processes even when the chances of the election being free and fair are to the very minimum. Boycotts too may take place even when the election is relatively fair with the purpose of discrediting the ruling regime if the opposition feels it is likely to lose the race (Sharp 93). The opposition’s participation in an election is calculated or checked through either total boycotts, partial boycotts and all contest. Total boycotts is when one of the actual opposing parties participate in the elections while partial boycotts refer to when some of the opposition parties, but not all, participate in the elections. The term all contest is used when all the political parties participate in the elections. Boycotts in various countries have also suggested that opposition parties are likely to unite in a boycott than to unite and face the incumbent in an election. However, the opposition parties usually have disunity even when they decide to boycott and that is why partial boycotts are more prevalent than total boycotts. In most cases, some of the opposition parties unite in boycott, but not all of them. The behavior of the opposition parties during the elections brings about the issue of the significance of their participation in an election. The participation of opposition parties in an election is a matter that should be studied so as to know the benefits and to understand the underlying factors that may force boycotts. There are two interrelated reasons why the study of the importance of the opposition’s participation is important. The first reason concerns the importance of participation from democracy’s point of view while the second deals with the opposition party’s behavior under authoritarian electoral system and the role they play in directing such regimes in the direction of democracy (Sharp 47). Autonomy is democracy’s real value and thus the independence of a people to rule the country. There must be so me form of governance for any form of political grouping to make inclusive decisions for the members. In a democratic system, that simply means people’s representation to the legislative, executive and local government. Participation in elections and competitive nature of elections are organized ways to enable the existence of democracy in the most contemporary form. Therefore, the primary importance of self-government relates directly to the idea of equal opportunity of participating in politics and elections and also to the idea that political competition is a way of promoting democracy. For the people of a particular nation to participate in an election that ensures that they exercise their sovereignty there has to be a choice. Political opposition provides that choice that ensures that the people exercise their right to rule indirectly via representation. Consequently, the participation of opposition parties in electoral process is a requirement for political competition which is vital to the attainment of self-governance and democracy. The Major Types of Election Boycotts Election boycotts can be conceptualized in two ways. The difference between the major and minor elections boycotts relates to the magnitude and actions of the boycotting political groups. The second difference in boycotts involves the ways in which the boycotters aim at attaining their desired goals. The first method of differentiating major and minor elections boycotts is all about numbers. If an election boycott involves all the major or majority of the opposition parties then it is considered to be a major election boycott (Lindberg 235). However, it is possible for one main political party to boycott an election and in effect constitute a major political boycott. There are cases in which a political group may team up with minor parties and boycott together. The major electoral boycotts that are successful are those in which the opposition political parties join forces and beco me a single unified group (Lewis 146). However, these are usually rare since most opposition parties find it difficult to come together to form a unified front due to various factors such as ideological differences. In some cases, even when the main opposition party boycotts the election, smaller parties are likely to participate in the election and in most cases, they support the incumbent regime. Additionally, opposition parties that boycott elections usually tend to be heterogeneous and are always ready to accommodate other parties. Minor electoral boycotts on the other hand are usually pushed by the smaller political parties which in most cases do not represent majority of the opposition. The political parties in minor boycotts are usually homogenous and do have strong ties to some form of orientation and share common ideologies. Additionally, in most cases they represent the minority in the country. Therefore, major electoral boycotts are mainly initiated by large opposition po litical parties while the minor boycotts are launched by smaller opposition parties. Major election boycotters can pursue objectives that are for the general public since they are large. Their sizes enable them to rationalize the benefit. This is in contrast to the minor political boycotts which in most cases go after more specific and private goals due to their small sizes and their homogenous composition (Lindberg 235). The other way in which election boycotts vary has to do with the intention of the boycotters attempts to delegitimize the regime that is currently in power often hoping that if the incumbent losses legitimacy, then they will get more support for their cause. This type of boycott is usually non-violent in nature since the boycotting group usually attempt to appeal to the sympathy of the masses and the international community. The Consequences of Boycotts The differences between the major and minor political and electoral boycotts took in to consideration the magnitu de of the boycott and the capacity of the boycotting group to engage in violence. It is therefore important to know the short-term and long-term consequences of such boycotts. The major boycotts are usually protests against the regime’s electoral fraudulent activities and biasness in elections. These issues also affect the entities that promote democracy in the third world countries and emphasize the electoral process as a vital activity in the process of building democracy. These, therefore, show coincidence in the interests of the two groups. However, there is the question of how boycotts fit in the process of democratization. In the short term, major boycotts do not show any positive results for democracy. Actually, they challenge democracy as there is no opposition to the ruler. Additionally, major boycotts usually lead to fewer voters casting the ballot meaning that democracy is not attained. The major boycotts also increase the possibility of some kind of violence that is related to the election. Election boycott to some extent is usually used as an indicator that the election has actually failed. Some of the effects of boycotts are violence and rebellions, loss of confidence in the political structures and pressures from the international community. Boycotts can also lead to changes in the regimes and rise to democracy. Situations in Which Electoral Boycott Are Successful In Inducing Regime Change As discussed earlier, boycotts (in most cases) occur when opposition parties and masses are dissatisfied with the electoral system that a regime has put in place. Concurrently, they can disagree with the policies established and embraced by the regime. The regimes also have mechanisms that ensure their stay in power is enabled. They have the states resources to for survival. Therefore, there are certain conditions that must exist to ensure successful electoral boycotts by the opposition parties. One of the factors that can enable the success of an elect ion boycott is the magnitude or size of the boycotting group. A large opposition is able to initiate a major boycott and this can help the opposition to achieve its goals. For example, in Bangladesh, the two major parties involved in political competition presently were established as opposition parties and participated in the general election. The Awami League was established when Bangladesh was a section of the Pakistan. One of the major reasons for the formation of The Awami League was to oppose Pakistani rule of Bangladesh. The Awami League boycotted the Bangladesh general elections in the year 1996 as an opposition group. The Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), which was in power in 1996 had participated in a 1988 election boycott (Taylor 188). The BNP was formed in the 1970s to oppose a previous Awami League regime that had become repressive and authoritarian in nature. The successes that these two parties had had in inducing regime change through electoral boycotts stem from the fact that the boycotts were major and involved a large number of people. The other way through which electoral boycotts can induce regime change is by the boycotters appealing to the masses and trying to appear sympathetic to the masses and the international community. This method is usually used when the boycotters aim at delegitimizing the regime in power. The opposition using this strategy usually hopes that the regime in power will lose legitimacy and will attract people to support their goals. This type of boycott is usually non-violent as it is supposed to be one that makes the boycotters appear sympathetic. In India, Gandhi used this boycott method to oppose the British colonial rule and succeeded (Taylor 112). The implementers of this boycott method usually do not want to use violence or do not have the capacity to employ violence in their actions. The other way through which electoral boycotts can lead to regime change successfully is through the accompaniment of a majo r boycott with violence to the extent that the incumbent regime finds it impossible to continue staying in power. Combination of major boycott with violence usually aims at threatening the ruling party with the possibility of rebellions in the future. Boycotts launched by various paramilitary groupings usually take this form and have often led to fall of many regimes (Sawer 11). The electoral boycotts that take this form are usually viewed to be launched by groups that have resources and in most cases are able to fight with the regime’s military and the police. A major political boycott took place in Cote d’ Ivory in 1995 and it was accompanied with lots of violence. During the boycotts, clashes took place between the supporters of the opposition leader and government forces. Another example where a major election boycott is accompanied with violence to induce regime change is in the Indonesian election of 1997. The supporters of the opposition rioted and stormed vario us offices and houses of the economic elites and were also involved in murder, looting and arson. Boycotts can be absolute or partial depending on the situation. Concurrently, elections can also be major or minor depending on their magnitude. Participation in elections is important as it is a way of promoting democracy. Participation is also important even in an authoritative regime as it directs such a regime towards democracy. The magnitude or the size of an electoral boycott is one of the factors that enable successful inducement of regime change through the concerned boycott. Such trends can be achieved if the electoral boycott is major. Usually, it is important to agree that major political parties opposing incumbent regimes can easily induce electoral boycott. This is what happened in Bangladesh where the present leading political parties began as opposition parties and were able to change regimes through boycotts. Conclusion A boycott occurs when voters refuse to vote in an e lection. They are normally used to show dissatisfaction in the current regime. The opposition political parties and individuals are likely to boycott elections as a way of protesting the ruling regime’s policies with the hope that the elections will be declared illegitimate and a regime change might be induced. Evidently, this has occurred in numerous countries with an ultimate change in regimes. At times, electoral boycotts can be successful in enforcing regime change and there are conditions that must be in place to enable this take place. This considers the tactics that authoritarian regimes use to retain power. There are different causes of electoral boycotts and the importance of the opposition’s participation in the electoral process. Additionally, this paper discerned the consequences of electoral boycotts and more importantly, circumstances under which electoral boycotts can lead to successful inducement of regime changes. The methods that authoritarian regimes use to ensure their continued stay in power include the manipulation of the electoral process, provision of incentives to the economic elites, and repression of the opposition parties. Additionally, they can create a faà §ade of democracy to please the masses and make opposition and defection illegal. These might cause electoral boycotts with an ultimate change in regime as evident in numerous countries mentioned earlier. Political parties that oppose the ruling party can also try and appeal to the masses so as to appear sympathetic and gain support domestically and internationally. Usually, this is done so that in case they succeed; they can get more political support from the domestic and international audiences who are likely to put pressure on the incumbent party. In this way, the party can get a platform to the leadership position of the country. This is the method that Gandhi of India used to oppose the British rule during the colonial period even though it is not common. Th is method is usually non-violent. Usually, it targets the audience. The use of violence during a major electoral boycott is another way through which regime change can be successfully induced. As indicated earlier, this situation is exemplified by Ivory Coast and Indonesia in 1995 and 1997 respectively. Works Cited Bunce, Valerie and Sharon Wolchik. Defeating Authoritarian Leaders in Postcommunist Countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Print. Ellis, Stephen and Ineke Kessel. Movers and Shakers: Social Movements in Africa. Leiden: Brill, 2009. Print. Ezrow, Natasha, and Erica Frantz. Dictators and Dictatorships: Understanding Authoritarian Regimes and Their Leaders. New York, NY: Continuum, 2011. Print. Huntington, Samuel. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 1993. Print. Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan Way. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Print. Lewis, Paul. Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America: Dictators, Despots, and Tyrants. Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield, 2006. Print. Lindberg, Staffan. Democracy and Elections in Africa. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006. Print. Lucas, Russell. Institutions and the Politics of Survival in Jordan: Domestic Responses to External Challenges, 1988-2001. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2005. Print. Sawer, Marian. Elections: Full, Free Fair. Annandale: Federation Press, 2001. Print. Schedler, Andreas. Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition. Boulder: Rienner, 2006. Print. Sharp, Gene. The Politics of Nonviolent Action. Boston, MA: Sargent Publisher, 1973. Print. Taylor, Robert. The Politics of Elections in Southeast Asia. Cambridge: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1996. Print. This research paper on When are electoral boycotts successful in inducing regime change? was written and submitted by user Finley Norton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Spain Essays - Names Of God In Hinduism, Conceptions Of God

Spain Essays - Names Of God In Hinduism, Conceptions Of God Spain 9/11/15 Gods in Hinduism Hinduism is a religion which does recognize a single supreme deity but is tolerant of all other religions and gods or goddesses as forms or manifestations of this one single deity or Supreme Being. Their philosophy is that, although they believe there is but one truth, there are different "Sages" or spiritual leaders who call the truth by different names. In the Hindu faith, there is a trinity as in the Christian faith, where God is in three persons: Brahma is the creator of all reality, Vishnu or Krishna is the preserver of all of the creations, and Shiva is the destroyer. There are some major divisions in the Hindu faith. Many see Brahman as the ultimate deity. Others see Vishnu or Krishna as the Supreme Being and another sect see Shiva as their ultimate reality. However, to say that Hinduism is a polytheistic religion with an unknown and unnamed number of Gods would be incorrect. Many Hindus view the religion as a monotheistic religion with only one Supreme Being who is formless and impersonal. All other gods and goddesses are simply facets of this one God. This Supreme Being is viewed as the god of all other religions and equal to all existence or the ultimate reality. It has been said that Hinduism is a religion of 330 million Hinduism gods. Sri Ramakrishna, a prominent Hindu saint once wrote, "There can be as many Hindu Gods as there are devotees to suit the moods, feelings, emotions and social backgrounds of the devotees." So in some ways Hinduism is a polytheistic religion. There is an exceedingly wide variety of gods to choose from to worship with statues and symbols to pay homage before. If one wants to pray for acquiring knowledge and understanding, he would pray to the god, Sarasati, for example. One might pray to the god, Moksha, to obtain God's grace. Many Hindus worship their own village god or goddess.

Participation Questions Week 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Participation Questions Week 3 - Essay Example s, electronic forums create the ability to formulate task forces very quickly to deal with complex business problems that require immediate attention. In your response you added a new dimension to the discussion because you integrated personal application of how to use the eastern philosophy can improve a person’s ability to make better decisions. The basic difference between the eastern philosophy and the western philosophy is that one is based on patience and the other on speed. Both strategies have their advantages, but in the long run the eastern philosophy can add greater value to a business. When a manager applies patience in the decision making process they improve their probabilities of making the right decision. One of the weaknesses of the eastern philosophy is that it is not suitable for industries in which quick decision necessary to get the job done. An example of an industry in which speed at times is more important than patience is the consulting industry. If a client wants a solution within a short time frame such as one to four weeks the decision maker must make quick decisions based on the information that is readily available. The major stakeholder’s groups such as the lenders and shareholders sometimes place unnecessary pressures on companies to deliver. These pressures affect the management mentality as far as thinking that the short term is of higher importance than the long term. American are overly worried about time, thus the obsession with shortening time to deliver faster is hurting their outcomes in business decision. The integration of the eastern approach is necessary to achieve balance. The example you showed is a case of an employee that rush into a decision based on receiving a reward. The managerial decisional process must include a thorough assessment of the situation prior to making the decision. Listening is sometimes more important than talking. People can sometimes misinterpreted body language based on cultural

Nissan United Kingdom Ltd Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nissan United Kingdom Ltd - Case Study Example At the onset of the distributorship agreement, the two companies enjoyed a significantly good relationship. Nissan M.C took more time to observe and influence the operations of Datsun U.K, encouraging it to reinvest its profit. It even amended the automatic renewal clause of the distribution agreement and increased it from three years to five years. The relationship between the three main leaders, Octav Botnar of Datsun U.K., chairman Katsuji Kawamata and president Takashi Ishihara of Nissan M.C was healthy. The leadership style adopted by both Nissan U.K and Nissan M.CThe abrasive leadership style of Botnar was the mean reason behind the success of Datsun U.K. Similarly the leadership provided by Takashi Ishihara, the president of Nissan M.C was supportive. Botnar could refer any operational difficulties he faced directly to Ishihara. This provided a conducive environment for the growth of both companies. While Bonnar's leadership was aggressive, Ishihara’s management decisio n-making was purely on seniority. This meant that those with more seniority got to work in more important roles. This is another key issue evident in the study here. An establishment of a new manufacturing facility in the U.K was motivated by the strong market in the U.K. The negotiations began in early in the mid-1980s between Octav Botnar, Nissan M.C officials and the U.K minister of state. By end of 1986 operations began in Sunderland. The new stanza model was the first to be made here and by 1993 the annual turnover was 300,000 cars.

Superhero Morality Essay Example for Free

Superhero Morality Essay ?I intend to prove that superheroes are not immoral for not abiding by the law. I am defining immorality as going against was is accepted as good behavior. Superheroes are very simply people who defend and protect those in need with their extraordinary abilities. Superman, Batman, the Flash, Ironman, Captain America, Thor and many others have graced us with their entertainment in movies, comic-books, and television shows. Their purpose is to save mankind in ways that â€Å"ordinary† people can’t. Superheros are not ordinary so they should not have to abide by laws that ordinary people put into place. People are not supposed to go out and take the law into their own hands. Essentially that makes them criminals. But let me ask a question. If somebody has a broken arm and can’t open a door isn’t it your moral obligation to open the door for them if you can? The same thing applies to superheroes, when the law is incapable of stopping people that are hurting people who are unable to defend themselves and the superheroes can, isn’t it their responsibility to stop them? As Peter Parker’s Uncle Ben said â€Å"With great power, comes great responsibility. † Take Batman in the series the Dark Knight. For years gangs ran the city with the law being incapable of doing anything because everyone was afraid of testifying against the gangs. People were being killed, stores were being robbed, children were being forced to watch their parents die. Enforcers of the law were in the pockets of these criminals. Crime ran the city, until one citizen decided to do something about it, Bruce Wayne. Now Bruce was not a cop, he technically had no authority to go about eliminating crime lords but the people with the authority to take out the crime lords were incapable of doing it because of the law itself. Law is supposed to help keep order in the world, but in Gotham it was keeping the crime in order. So Batman rose. Superheroes are the only ones that can standup and make a change when the law is ultimately hurting the people it was designed to protect even if it is technically breaking the law. Some disagree with superheroes being exempt from the law. Especially in a land of democracy superheroes should be on the same ground as â€Å"ordinary people†. Saying that superheroes don’t have to abide by the law is welcoming chaos. If they can do it, why can’t ordinary people? Since Superman can fly into a hostage situation why can’t an ordinary man like John? John might think that he has the ability to negotiate or stealthily get the people out of the dangerous situation because he negotiates for his job or sneaks out of his house a lot to see his mistress without his wife ever knowing. He has a special skill set that someone on the police force might not have. Using the logic of â€Å"if you can do it you should do it† it would be John’s responsibility to go into that hostage situation to save those people. Saying that it’s okay for superheroes is hypocritical because anyone can be a superhero. It would be different if we were saying that only people with abilities no one else can attain could be a superhero. Superman and Thor are perfect examples. Both of these superheroes attained their powers from their lineage. They can do what normal humans cannot. But superheroes like Ironman and Batman are ordinary people with rich banks. So saying they can take the law into their own hands is giving the okay for everyone to take the law into their own hands which ends in chaos. The law was put into place to give structure to a naturally chaotic world. Ultimately if there is chaos more bad behavior is going on than good behavior. More immoralities than moralities. Most laws punish what isn’t good behavior like killing, stealing, or forging which i bad behavior. Bad behavior is breaking rule, in this case a law. Those actions are immoral, so law is a good compass for what is moral and immoral. We cannot hold people who break these law accountable if the very same person that brought them in broke laws as well. That’s why warrants and other measures exist for the people that are trained to enforce the law. Using Okham’ razor it simple. People that break the law are criminals. Superheroes break the law. Superheroes are criminals. The issue with that argument is that superheroes are not normal people. They are different hence the â€Å"super† before the hero. If John the unfaithful husband that has a job in negotiation went into the hostage situation and succeeded in getting the people out he would be considered a hero not a superhero. Superheroes achieve what should be impossible. Batman and Ironman are a different type of superheroes but they are superheroes because of their gadgets and genius minds. The men themselves a Bruce Wayne and Tony Stark are not superheroes because they cannot achieve superhuman acts without their gadgets. If, a men, they were to save people they would be considered heroes. But when these men put on their suits and use their genius minds to power them they become superheroes. Because superheroes are not normal people they abide by different rules/laws. A sort of superheroes code. One for example is not killing. I can say this and be correct because law is not the decider of immorality. Stealing to feed ones family is a good behavior, the act is not immoral but the person can go to jail for it because stealing is against the law. Lying is immoral, but there is no law against lying. The reasons for laws is the prevent chaos, but the reason superheroes rise is because there is chaos. In the Justice League cartoon show Wonder woman left her homeland to stand beside the other members of the Justice League because the world was in turmoil. If the law was doing what it was supposed to do, preventing chaos, superheroes wouldn’t need to exist. But the law fails at doing that, which is why superheroes have to step in. There I also an utilitarian view. Superheroes have a choice. Either they follow the law perhaps letting innocent people die or be harmed because the law prevents them from stepping in which would most likely hurt many or they step in and eliminate the issue which would probably only hurt a few (which would be the villains most likely). I have proven that superheroes are not immoral for not abiding by the law by explaining that superheroes are not normal people so the law applies to them in a different way. Superheroes have a responsibility to abide by their own moral compass and live up to the responsibility of their power. Normal people can be heroes but they have to abide by the law so chaos won’t arise. Superheroes rise because there is chaos that the law can’t control. And since immorality is being defined as going against what is being considered good behavior it immorality is relative not a law so the superheroes are moral however they choose to save people.

Consequences: the Cause and Effect of Drug Use Essay -- Health Drugs N

The use of drugs has become a very controversial topic in society today. As the problem of using drugs continues to grow daily, the understanding of the user must be made aware of. In general, addicts show a direct link between taking drugs and suffering from their effects. People abuse drugs for a wide variety of reasons. In most cases, the use of drugs will serve a type of purpose or will give some kind of reward. These reasons for use will differ with different kinds of drugs. Three common examples are marijuana, speed, and cocaine. Various reasons for using the substance can be for pain relief, depression, anxiety and weariness, acceptance into a peer group, religion, and much more. Although reasons for using may vary for each individual, it is known by all that consequences of the abuse do exist. It is only further down the line in which after effects of using can be seen. Reasons for using drugs depend on the type of substance being taken. Marijuana, speed, and cocaine all fall under the same category, but show different causes for use. Symptoms of each example contrasts as well. Since each of these have different effects with use, the individual will take the drug that can best resolve his problems or needs. Marijuana is used for many reasons. Causes for use will either be used either illegally or medicinally. The motive for smoking marijuana unlawfully depends on the user. First of all, unlawful smoking of marijuana is done for several reasons. These include peer pressure inside and out of school, the desire to relax from stress, and to even identify themselves with popular media icons. The effects of the substance also cause symptoms that seem to be highly desirably. When smoking marijuana, a sense of mood lift is ... ...ne as users seek the high that was involved with the first use of cocaine. Drugs are used by people as a way out when feeling down about themselves. As effects may stay the same throughout, causes show that there are a large number of reasons for use. Being lonely, isolated, and frustrated in life help start off the drive to escape. In many cases, using drugs is a coping mechanism, especially in kids. Emotions become numb as people try to escape the pain of reality. This is seen in the youth generation of today as everyday pressures are placed on them. Drug abuse makes people thing that they are recreating their former negative self image. This rebellious action gives the attention that is desired. From trying to fit in to hiding from problems, people will always have a choice. In the end, reality of drug use is that it will cause addicts to lose everything.

Pursuit of Happiness Movie Review

The Pursuit Of Happyness In today’s society, people spend their whole life searching for happiness. Millions of people today in America still have belief in the â€Å"American Dream† myth. The â€Å"American Dream† gives a person the right of life, liberty and pursuit of happiness. Happiness can only be found once a person achieves the American Dream through hard work, determination, and persistence. The movie ‘The Pursuit Of Happyness’ asserts the American Dream myth through the life of Chris Gardener that every man can achieve what one wants in life if he or she is ready to struggle for it.Chris Gardener is a salesman who is unable to meet his ends, but still dreams of being financially free and happy one day. The first scene in the movie creates the characteristics that are required for a man to be able to conquer the American Dream. One of the characteristics being: Hard work. The first sequence in the movie takes place in San Francisco where lar ge numbers of people are walking to their jobs with happy faces with happy background music. Chris is shown as a person who looks up to them and relinquishes the happiness in their faces.Chris sells Bone Density scanners to make a living, a medical instrument that does not sell easily. He is portrayed as a hardworking, unfortunate, browbeaten human who dreams of being able achieve the American Dream. He also has problems with the police and IRS for parking tickets and tax respectively. To be able to meet ends, he works hard and goes to multiple hospitals to sell the scanners and earn money. As we all know, everyone needs these qualities to be able to achieve something in life.Thus this portrays the idea that if you are like Chris you also will be able to achieve the American Dream. This is an example of logos since it uses the idea that no result will come without hard work to depict an image that ones who do not struggle with not get anywhere in life and ones who will. The only way people are able to achieve anything in today’s world is by hard word, this is mainly due to enormous competition. May it be a student or an executive, everyone these days are expected to work to their fullest to be able attain their dreams in life.Another characteristic that is portrayed in the movie is that of attitude, various attitudes towards dealing with things in life will always give you a different result at the end. An example of this is witnessed in the next scene of the movie that consists of a conversation between Chris and his wife Linda about how they are going to manage their financial problems. This scene portrays the attitude by which one must approach a goal with. Chris tells her that he is planning of joining an internship program as a stockbroker at Dean Witter, such that he would be able to take care of the family.Linda on the other hand scorns him and makes a sarcastic comment such as, â€Å"Stockbroker why not an astronaut†. Chris has a positive attitude to how he is going to manage their ends, whereas Linda on the other hand has a very negative approach to matters in life and has given up all hopes they will be able to fix their problems. The background has no music to provide an element of anticipation for the viewers. The use of pathos is noticed since it displays contrasting attitudes of a Dreamer and a Failure in life.The result for being positive is witnessed at the end when Chris is able to get the job and lead a happy life whereas, Linda on the other hand leaves to New York and never seen again. Since Chris is portrayed as the Dreamer it shows the audience that one must always look at things with a positive attitude to achieve the American Dream. People always agree that once you lose your willingness to reach something in life you will never be able to get it. Being able to face problems with a positive attitude is required to able to think clearly and correctly.Thinking clearly provides the Dreamer with clear tho ughts and motivation that he is needed to be able to achieve his or her goal. Persistence has become a key element in people’s lives these days due to the large competition for each job opening. Even if one fails the first time, they must try again and again till one is successful in life. This can be seen later in the movie; Chris turns in his application personally to the head of recourses Mr. Jay Twistle. Once he had submitted his application he was persistent in trying to impress Mr. Jay such that he would be guaranteed a spot for the internship.To make sure he impresses Mr. Jay he shares a ride with him and tries to solve the Rubik’s cube which is thought to be impossible to solve. Due to his success in solving the cube Mr. Jay is impressed with his talents and is called in for an interview. Throughout this sequence Chris is once again displayed a person who will never give up. Just the night before his interview he was arrested but still does not give up. He does everything he can such that he can make the interview on time. This scene shows that every positive action towards a goal is stepping stone towards the achieving the American Dream.Since this is the start of his change in life the background music creates a joyful but surprise theme hinting that this man is going to succeed in life if he keeps up with these qualities. This provides an element of ethos since it explains the qualities needed for successfully achieving the American Dream through the life of Chris. In today’s world if one gives up pursuing what they want in their life it will never come, dreams are things that never come and fall in your hands; it constantly needs thoughtful advances made by the Dreamer.As seen in the movie Chris never gives up till he gets the job therefore portraying the amount of pursuing one must do to achieve something in life. It provides evidence that if one person is able to achieve the American Dream through persistence, then everyone w ho tries to achieve the American Dream will also be able to fulfill their dreams. Determination is one of the key elements behind any successful American Dream dreamer. Even though by this time he has lost wife and house he does not give up. To be able to survive during his internship he would work twice as hard as he used to.He would try to finish an 8 hour job in 6 hours, and sell the remaining scanners he had during that time for money. When he thought that he could start living peacefully since he was able to sell enough scanners to make a living, the IRS takes all his money for not paying taxes. He lives in community homes with his son but never gives up hope in his dream. At the end of the internship, he is called in by Mr. Frakesh to congratulate on his new job. This shows the amount of determination one must be willing to put forward. To be able to achieve such a huge dream one cannot relax until their dream is fulfilled.As seen from the movie every second is precious when o ne is dreaming, a perfect example is shown when Chris does a 8 hour job in 6 hours, this shows that one can never waste time when they are determined to accomplish something in life. With today’s growing competition for every job opening, people have to work harder and harder. Even a small hint of withdrawal from a hundred percent effort will lead one’s dream to vanish in no time. As seen in Chris’s life even though he had lost everything in his life he did not give up his efforts he put into his internship. This in turn allowed him to be successfully hired as a full time stockbroker.As the saying goes â€Å"There is always hard work and sweat in every success†. In conclusion, hard-work, persistence, and determination are the key elements that will help and guide a man who would like to live the American Dream. Even in today’s world people still believe in that efforts would pay off someday or another as they wish. These people are the great dreams whom still feel that the American Dream still exists and has not vanished just like Chris dreamt. So if anyone one of you have a dream then you should never give up, all you need to do is keep trying.